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同性恋者没有后代其基因是如何传承的？
Same-sex Behavior Seen In Nearly All Animals, Review Finds
原文来源: University of California - Riverside
Same-sex behavior is a nearly universal phenomenon in the animal kingdom, common across species, from worms to frogs to birds, concludes a new review of existing research.
"It's clear that same-sex sexual behavior extends far beyond the well-known examples that dominate both the scientific and popular literature: for example, bonobos, dolphins, penguins and fruit flies," said Nathan Bailey, the first author of the review paper and a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Biology at UC Riverside.
There is a caveat, however. The review also reports that same-sex behaviors are not the same across species, and that researchers may be calling qualitatively different phenomena by the same name.
"For example, male fruit flies may court other males because they are lacking a gene that enables them to discriminate between the sexes," Bailey said. "But that is very different from male bottlenose dolphins, who engage in same-sex interactions to facilitate group bonding, or female Laysan Albatross that can remain pair-bonded for life and cooperatively rear young."
Published June 16 in the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution, the review by Bailey and Marlene Zuk, a professor of biology at UCR, also finds that although many studies are performed in the context of understanding the evolutionary origins of same-sex sexual behavior, almost none have considered its evolutionary consequences.
"Same-sex behaviors—courtship, mounting or parenting—are traits that may have been shaped by natural selection, a basic mechanism of evolution that occurs over successive generations," Bailey said. "But our review of studies also suggests that these same-sex behaviors might act as selective forces in and of themselves."
A selective force, which is a sudden or gradual stress placed on a population, affects the reproductive success of individuals in the population.
"When we think of selective forces, we tend to think of things like weather, temperature, or geographic features, but we can think of the social circumstances in a population of animals as a selective force, too," Bailey said. "Same-sex behavior radically changes those social circumstances, for example, by removing some individuals from the pool of animals available for mating."
Bailey, who works in Zuk's lab, noted that researchers in the field have made significant strides in the past two and a half decades studying the genetic and neural mechanisms that produce same-sex behaviors in individuals, and the ultimate reasons for their existence in populations.
"But like any other behavior that doesn't lead directly to reproduction—such as aggression or altruism—same-sex behavior can have evolutionary consequences that are just now beginning to be considered," he said. "For example, male-male copulations in locusts can be costly for the mounted male, and this cost may in turn increase selection pressure for males' tendency to release a chemical called panacetylnitrile, which dissuades other males from mounting them."
The review paper:
Examines work done to test hypotheses about the origins of same-sex behavior in animals.
Provides a framework for categorizing same-sex behavior, for example, is it adaptive, not adaptive, occurs often, infrequently?
Discusses what has been discovered about the genetics of same-sex behavior, especially in the model organism, the fruit fly Drosophila, and in human beings.
Examines connections between human sexual orientation research, and research on non-human animals, and highlights promising avenues of research in non-human systems.
The reviewers expected the research papers they read for their article would give them a better understanding of the degree to which same-sex behaviors are heritable in animals.
"How important are genes to the expression of these behaviors, compared to environmental factors?" Bailey said. "This is still unknown. Knowing this information would help us better understand how the behaviors evolve, and how they affect the evolution of other traits. It could also help us understand whether they are something that all individuals of a species are capable of, but only some actually express."
Bailey recommends that fellow evolutionary biologists studying same-sex behavior in animals adopt some of the research approaches that have been successful in human studies.
"We have estimates, for example, of the heritability of sexual orientation in humans, but none that I know of in other animals," he said. "Scientists have also targeted locations on the human genome that may contribute to sexual orientation, but aside from the fruit fly, we have no such detailed knowledge of the genetic architecture of same-sex behavior in other animals."
Next in their research, Bailey and Zuk plan to begin experimentally addressing some of the many issues raised in their review.
Said Bailey, "We want to get at this question: what are the evolutionary consequences of these behaviors? Are they important in the evolution of mating behavior, or do they just add extra 'background noise'? We are pursuing work on the Laysan Albatross, in which females form same-sex pairs and rear young together. Same-sex behavior in this species may not be aberrant, but instead can arise as an alternative reproductive strategy."
The UCR Academic Senate funded the one-year study.
echotang老兄的分段翻译如下：
Same-sex behavior is a nearly universal phenomenon in the animal kingdom, common across species, from worms to frogs to birds, concludes a new review of existing research.
对现有研究的综述发现，在动物王国里，横跨物种，从虫类、蛙类到鸟类，同性间的行为几乎是一种普遍现象，
"It's clear that same-sex sexual behavior extends far beyond the well-known examples that dominate both the scientific and popular literature: for example, bonobos, dolphins, penguins and fruit flies," said Nathan Bailey, the first author of the review paper and a postdoctoral researcher in the Department of Biology at UC Riverside.
很明显，无论是科学方面还是大众文学方面，同性间的行为远超出了大家熟知的例子。加州大学河滨分校生物系的博士后研究者，综述论文的第一作者Nathan Bailey举例说，比如：小黑猩猩、海豚、企鹅和果蝇。
There is a caveat, however. The review also reports that same-sex behaviors are not the same across species, and that researchers may be calling qualitatively different phenomena by the same name.
另要说明的是，这篇综述也报道了同性间的行为在不同物种里并不一样。研究者可能是用同一名称对不同现象的定性说明。
"For example, male fruit flies may court other males because they are lacking a gene that enables them to discriminate between the sexes," Bailey said. "But that is very different from male bottlenose dolphins, who engage in same-sex interactions to facilitate group bonding, or female Laysan Albatross that can remain pair-bonded for life and cooperatively rear young."
Bailey 说，“比如，雄性的果蝇会讨好其他雄性因为他们缺乏一种能让他们区别性别的基因，但是宽吻海豚则不一样，他们有同性间的性行为是为了方便群体之间的联系，而雌性黑背信天翁是为了生存和抚育后代。
Published June 16 in the journal Trends in Ecology & Evolution, the review by Bailey and Marlene Zuk, a professor of biology at UCR, also finds that although many studies are performed in the context of understanding the evolutionary origins of same-sex sexual behavior, almost none have considered its evolutionary consequences.
在6月16日出版的杂志《Trends in Ecology & Evolution》中，Bailey和另一位加州大学河滨分校生物系教授Marlene Zuk发表的综述中指出,尽管有很多关于了解发生同性间性行为的原因背景的研究,但几乎没有一个认为它有进化作用.
"Same-sex behaviors—courtship, mounting or parenting—are traits that may have been shaped by natural selection, a basic mechanism of evolution that occurs over successive generations," Bailey said. "But our review of studies also suggests that these same-sex behaviors might act as selective forces in and of themselves."
Bailey 说“同性间的性行为-求爱、交配和抚育-这种特征可能是由自然选择形成的，一种发生在连续世代中的基本进化机制。但是研究综述表明同性间的性行为可能是受他们本身的选择力影响。”
A selective force, which is a sudden or gradual stress placed on a population, affects the reproductive success of individuals in the population.
选择力是群体中产生的一种突然或逐步的影响，它影响了群体中的个体能否繁殖成功。
"When we think of selective forces, we tend to think of things like weather, temperature, or geographic features, but we can think of the social circumstances in a population of animals as a selective force, too," Bailey said. "Same-sex behavior radically changes those social circumstances, for example, by removing some individuals from the pool of animals available for mating."
Bailey说，“当我们考虑选择力时，倾向于考虑如天气、温度或地理学特征，但是我们也应该考虑到动物群体的社会环境也会成为选择力。同性间的性行为从根本上改变了社会环境，比如正常可以交配的动物被排除在外。
Bailey, who works in Zuk's lab, noted that researchers in the field have made significant strides in the past two and a half decades studying the genetic and neural mechanisms that produce same-sex behaviors in individuals, and the ultimate reasons for their existence in populations.
在Zuk 实验室里工作的Bailey注意到，在过去的20多年间，关于个体间发生同性性行为的遗传和神经机制及最终在群体中存在这一行的最根本原因，这一领域的研究已有显著的进展。
"But like any other behavior that doesn't lead directly to reproduction—such as aggression or altruism—same-sex behavior can have evolutionary consequences that are just now beginning to be considered," he said. "For example, male-male copulations in locusts can be costly for the mounted male, and this cost may in turn increase selection pressure for males' tendency to release a chemical called panacetylnitrile, which dissuades other males from mounting them."
“但是如其他并不直接影响繁殖的行为-如挑衅或利他行为，同性间的性行为也可能产生进化结果，这一点刚开始加以考虑”他说，“比如，蝗虫中雄性之间的交配对被交配的雄性来说代价很大，但同时也增加了选择力，因为雄性接下来会释放一种叫panacetylnitrile的物质，这种物质能阻止其他雄性来跟它交配。”
The review paper:
综述论文：
Examines work done to test hypotheses about the origins of same-sex behavior in animals.
为验证关于动物中同性间性行为的假说，进行了以下研究。
Provides a framework for categorizing same-sex behavior, for example, is it adaptive, not adaptive, occurs often, infrequently?
规定了分类同性间性行为的架构，比如，适应性的还是非适应性的，经常发生还是偶尔发生？
Discusses what has been discovered about the genetics of same-sex behavior, especially in the model organism, the fruit fly Drosophila, and in human beings.
讨论了关于同性间性行为遗传性的发现，特别是在模型动物中，果蝇，还有人类。
Examines connections between human sexual orientation research, and research on non-human animals, and highlights promising avenues of research in non-human systems.
考察了不同研究间的联系，如人类性取向研究、在其他动物中的研究，强调了在其他动物系统中有意义的研究手段。
The reviewers expected the research papers they read for their article would give them a better understanding of the degree to which same-sex behaviors are heritable in animals.
研究者预计他们阅读的论文将使他们在同性间性行为在动物间的可遗传性这一点上有更好的理解。
"How important are genes to the expression of these behaviors, compared to environmental factors?" Bailey said. "This is still unknown. Knowing this information would help us better understand how the behaviors evolve, and how they affect the evolution of other traits. It could also help us understand whether they are something that all individuals of a species are capable of, but only some actually express."
Bailey说，与环境因素相比，表达这些行为的基因该有多重要，但这一点仍未知。了解这一信息将帮助我们更好的理解这些行为如何发生，他们如何影响其他特征的进化，是否物种中所有的个体都有表达还是只有一些有表达也将帮助我们进一步理解。
Bailey recommends that fellow evolutionary biologists studying same-sex behavior in animals adopt some of the research approaches that have been successful in human studies.
Bailey建议进化生物学家在研究动物的同性性行为时可采用在人类研究中取得成功的研究方法。
"We have estimates, for example, of the heritability of sexual orientation in humans, but none that I know of in other animals," he said. "Scientists have also targeted locations on the human genome that may contribute to sexual orientation, but aside from the fruit fly, we have no such detailed knowledge of the genetic architecture of same-sex behavior in other animals."
他说“比如人类性取向的遗传性，就我所知在其他动物的研究中就未进行，科学家们已经对可能作用于性取向人类染色体上做了靶向定位，但除了果蝇外，其他动物的同性性行为遗传特征的详细知识就未曾去了解。”
Next in their research, Bailey and Zuk plan to begin experimentally addressing some of the many issues raised in their review.
在下一步研究中，Bailey 和 Zuk计划用实验方法研究此综述中提到的一些主题。
Said Bailey, "We want to get at this question: what are the evolutionary consequences of these behaviors? Are they important in the evolution of mating behavior, or do they just add extra 'background noise'? We are pursuing work on the Laysan Albatross, in which females form same-sex pairs and rear young together. Same-sex behavior in this species may not be aberrant, but instead can arise as an alternative reproductive strategy."
Bailey说“我们想弄明白一些问题: 这些行为的进化结果是什么？交配行为的进化是否重要或者他们是否只是一些“背景杂音”?我们在黑背信天翁中进行研究，在他们中雌性的同性配对和抚育后代，在这些物种里同性性行为并不异常，相反，是因为作为选择性的繁殖策略而采取这些行为。
The UCR Academic Senate funded the one-year study.
加州大学河滨分校学术评议会为此为期1年的研究提供了资金。
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